The Louisiana Board of Tax Appeals granted summary judgment to the taxpayer, holding that its sale of video-on-demand and pay-per-view are not subject to sales tax. A group of local parishes assessed the taxpayer on the theory that video-on-demand and pay-per-view are tangible personal property because the content was “perceptible to the senses,” and the content was temporarily stored on set-top boxes. The Board of Tax Appeals rejected this argument, concluding that the services fall within the exemption for necessary fees incurred with the service of cable television.

The Board agreed with the Louisiana Court of Appeals’ decision, Normand v. Cox Communications Louisiana, LLC, which also determined that video-on-demand and pay-per-view were not software, and therefore applied for Louisiana’s sales tax exemption for cable television service fees. 167 So.3d 156 (2014). Despite some factual distinctions in the Cox case, the Board stated that video-on-demand and pay-per-view are not “tangible personal property” merely by being perceptible, since that would mean all cable services—which are also perceptible—are tangible personal property, thereby rendering the cable services exemption moot. Furthermore, the Board stated that while content can be stored on set-top boxes, “the right to view the program can be severed from the perceptible manifestation of the program’s data.” Accordingly, the Board concluded that video-on-demand and pay-per-view were not taxable sales or rentals of tangible personal property.

DirecTV LLC v. City of Baton Rouge, Docket No. L01329 (La. Bd. of Tax Appeals Mar. 14, 2024).

The Florida First District Court of Appeal held that Florida’s annual corporate income tax net operating loss (NOL) deduction limit is the same as the federal limit. Verizon Communications Inc. (Verizon) accumulated federal and state NOLs upon its 2006 acquisition of MCI, Inc. ($15 billion federal and $267 million Florida NOLs) and 2011 acquisition of Terremark Worldwide, Inc. ($308 million federal and $238 million Florida NOLs). The Florida Department of Revenue (the Department) proposed to limit Verizon’s NOL usage from the acquired companies to an apportioned amount of the federal limit, noting that it would take Verizon 65 years to use its acquired Federal NOLs, and thus a similar result should apply for Florida purposes.

The court disagreed with the Department, finding that for Florida purposes the IRC § 382 limitation on utilizing acquired NOLs is the same as the pre-apportioned federal limitation. Florida’s NOL deduction limitation provided in Fla. Stat. § 220.13(1)(b)(1) allows an NOL deduction which is the same as the federal NOL limitation provided in IRC § 172. In addition to the statute, the court noted that the Department’s regulation “confirms the mirror federal and state deduction amounts.” Based on both the plain meaning of the statute and the Department’s own rule, the Court agreed with Verizon and concluded that the Florida NOL deduction limit is the same as the federal limit.

Florida Dep’t of Revenue v. Verizon Communications Inc., No. 1D2022-2096 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App., Feb. 28, 2024).

Calling all trivia fans! Don’t miss out on a chance to show off your SALT knowledge!

We will award prizes for the smartest (and fastest) participants.

This week’s question: Which state’s legislature recently introduced a bill to tax private higher education endowments at a rate of 2% for each dollar over $1 billion?

E-mail your response to SALTonline@eversheds-sutherland.com.

The prize for the first response to today’s question is a $25 UBER Eats gift card. This week’s answer will be included in our SALT Shaker Weekly Digest, distributed on Saturday. Be sure to check back then!

The Georgia General Assembly passed several significant tax bills during the 2024 legislative session. Among them was the creation of a tax court in the judicial branch, a reduction of the individual and corporate income tax rates, limitations on income tax credit carryforwards, and the suspension of the data center sales tax exemption. Bills that were considered but did not ultimately pass include limitations on the film tax credit. Because this is the final year of the two-year legislative session, any legislation not adopted this year will have to be re-introduced in the next legislative session.

Read the full Legal Alert here.

On April 1, 2024, the California State Assembly amended a digital advertising tax into A.B. 2829, formerly a property tax bill. As amended, A.B. 2829 would adopt the digital advertising tax effective January 1, 2025. The California proposal is similar to the Maryland Digital Advertising Gross Revenues Tax, which is currently the subject of litigation at the Maryland Tax Court. As the California proposal is similar to Maryland’s, it also likely violates the Internet Tax Freedom Act, Commerce Clause, Due Process Clause, and First Amendment.

As amended, A.B. 2829’s digital advertising tax would be imposed on the annual gross revenues of a person that are derived from digital advertising services in the state. Unlike Maryland, the tax would be imposed at a rate of 5%, rather than escalating rates based on global annual gross revenues. However, like Maryland, the tax would apply to only persons with at least $100 million in global annual gross revenue, even including revenues unrelated to digital advertising.

The tax base in A.B. 2829 is the same as Maryland’s: “digital advertising services,” which means “advertisement services on a digital interface, including advertisements in the form of banner advertising, search engine advertising, interstitial advertising, and other comparable advertising services.” The California proposal also excludes from the tax “advertisement services on digital interfaces owned or operated by or operated on behalf of a broadcast entity or news media entity.” Because there currently is no sourcing regime in A.B. 2829, it is impossible to determine when a digital advertising service would be taxable by California.

And much like the Maryland digital advertising tax, California would also prohibit taxpayers from “directly pass[ing] on the cost of the tax … to a customer who purchases the digital advertising services by means of a separate fee, surcharge, or line item.” Maryland’s pass-through prohibition is currently in litigation before the U.S. District Court for the District of Maryland. 

Calling all trivia fans! Don’t miss out on a chance to show off your SALT knowledge!

We will award prizes for the smartest (and fastest) participants.

This week’s question: Which state’s Supreme Court Appellate Division recently ruled that a taxpayer’s fiber-optic cables did not qualify for an exclusion from real property tax?

E-mail your response to SALTonline@eversheds-sutherland.com.

The prize for the first response to today’s question is a $25 UBER Eats gift card. This week’s answer will be included in our SALT Shaker Weekly Digest, distributed on Saturday. Be sure to check back then!

On Wednesday, March 27, Eversheds Sutherland attorneys Eric Coffill and Chelsea Marmor will provide a coast-to-coast SALT update for the Tax Executives Institute (TEI) Philadelphia Chapter. During the SALT Committee Meeting, Eric and Chelsea will review case and legislative updates from both the East and West Coast. 

The Illinois Appellate Court affirmed the Illinois Tax Tribunal’s determination that aviation fuel sold to airlines and subsequently stored at O’Hare International Airport is not exempt from the Retailer’s Occupation Tax (ROT) because the fuel was not consumed solely outside of the state.

The taxpayer, an aviation fuel retailer, argued that its fuel was subject to an exemption for property temporarily stored in the state and subsequently used outside of the state because only 2% of the fuel was consumed in Illinois, with the remaining 98% of the fuel being consumed outside of the state. Relying on the statute’s plain language, the Court disagreed with the taxpayer and found that the entire use or consumption of the property at issue must be outside of Illinois. Accordingly, to qualify for the exemption, the purpose of the temporary storage must be for future transportation outside of Illinois for use or consumption solely and entirely outside of the state. The Court further explained that, pursuant to the Department’s regulation, it would have been proper to certify that a portion of the purchase of fuel qualifies for the exemption if the airlines were to have purchased the fuel, temporarily stored it in Illinois, transported a portion of it out of the state, and then used that portion in planes in another state. Because the taxpayer’s fuel was loaded on planes in Illinois and partly consumed in Illinois, the Court concluded that the fuel at issue did not qualify for the exemption.

American Aviation Supply, LLC v. Illinois Department of Revenue, 2024 IL App (1st) 230072.

The Missouri Administrative Hearing Commission held that real-estate investment trust (REIT) dividends from sources within Missouri are deductible from Missouri income.

The decision involved a REIT that generates income from mortgages secured by real property. The REIT made distributions of profits derived from sources within Missouri to its controlling interest holder. The controlling interest holder included those distributions in its federal taxable income, which was included in its parent’s federal and Missouri consolidated corporate income tax returns. The parent then deducted the REIT distributions on its Missouri consolidated corporate income tax returns as Missouri dividends pursuant to Mo. Rev. Stat. § 143.431.2. The Department disallowed the deduction and issued a notice of deficiency. The parent appealed. 

Neither “dividend” nor “corporate dividend” is defined by Missouri statute. Because Missouri’s income tax expressly incorporates terms from the Internal Revenue Code, the Commission looked at IRC Section 316, which “determines what constitutes a dividend” and Section 243, which “determines the circumstances under which dividends received by corporations may be deducted from federal income.” The Commission held that REIT dividends are dividends under Section 316, and nothing in Section 243 “transforms them into something else.” Further, as the Missouri statute provides that corporate dividends from sources within Missouri are deducted “to the extent included in federal taxable income”, the deduction is only applicable to dividends that are not deductible under federal law. Therefore, the REIT dividends, which were not deductible from federal income, are deductible from Missouri income if from a Missouri source.

Great Southern Bancorp, Inc. & Subsidiaries v. Director of Revenue, No. 21-1768 (MO AHC, Jan. 26, 2024).

In this episode of the SALT Shaker Podcast, Eversheds Sutherland Counsel Jeremy Gove welcomes back Sacramento SALT Partner Tim Gustafson for another California-focused conversation!

Tim and Jeremy base their discussion around a recent article Tim co-authored in Tax Notes State with Associate Sharon Kaur about the California FTB’s informal guidance.

Specifically, they delve into the work of the FTB, which administers the state’s corporate franchise and income taxes, and discuss its routine issuance of informal guidance on a broad array of topics and issues. Tim and Jeremy explore these topics, as well as the effect on taxpayers and practitioners.

Similar to the article, Tim and Jeremy also cover two 2023 decisions, Appeal of Minnesota Beet and American Catalog Mailers Association, examining how these decisions may affect current informal guidance and the issuance of guidance in 2024 and beyond.

The episode concludes with another edition of overrated/underrated – how do you feel about lettuce on sandwiches?

Questions or comments? Email SALTonline@eversheds-sutherland.com. You can also subscribe to receive our regular updates hosted on the SALT Shaker blog.

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